Similar to having a goal set, knowing how to go about achieving that goal is also paramount. I can show a student how to write an if-statement in less than a minute. But can they explain the nuance of how it interrupts code sequences, when it is appropriate to use else and if-else statements, or that multi-way selections run as soon as the first condition is true but that multiple if statements will check every condition?
I expect students to eventually be able to do this, but do so I need to give them intentional practice along the way. If I'm structuring this practice effectively, then my performance expectations should be communicated clearly. Rubrics can be an effective tool for achieving this, if leverage properly.
"What gets measured, gets managed." ~Peter Drucker
There's primarily two different styles of rubrics seen in the classroom: holistic and analytic (Gonzalez, 2014). Holistic rubrics are by far easier to develop and implement, but it introduces potential issues with clear feedback. If a student didn't score a perfect on the holistic rubric, it may not be clear what exactly they did wrong. Maybe equally important to having clear expectations is having clear feedback about the performance (more on feedback in the 7th touchstone) and in that line of logic, I find analytic rubrics to be more effective so we will be using an example from one of my lessons this year.
Regardless of the type, Goodwin and Hubbell lay out their plans for creating effective rubrics by first identifying proficiency levels, then building the rubric around proficiency, and finally focusing on growth (2013, p. 34-35). On the point of proficiency levels, Goodwin and Hubbell also recommend sticking to concrete, measurable proficiency levels. Left open to interpretation will create scenarios where things will be interpreted poorly. That may happen anyway, but having a clear rubric will reinforce the importance of students reflecting on how their work achieves those results.
Another added benefit to an effectively crafted rubric is a greater ability to self-assess work as well as the the work of their peers, both effective feedback strategies that can increase student achievement (McKevitt, 2016).
On the right is a rubric included in a repl.it assignment. While this may not look like the general table often seen of analytic rubrics, it was important to include the rubric in a place where students were more likely to see it. It could have been included with Google Classroom's Rubric (currently in beta), but now students have to be operating in two places at once. Turns out, students are perfectly capable of reading a rubric line by line.
This rubric was created in support of the if statement assignment food truck option in support of the CSTA 2-AP-12 standard discussed on the last touchstone page. It was designed to include if statements, but also to bolster support of writing methods, something many of the students needed additional practice doing. All of the other rubric options also included method requirements for this reason.
Often times rubrics will be neatly organized into something like a 4 x 4 table, however I've noticed my colleagues struggle sometimes to included meaningful performance measurements for all table items. For this reason, I decided to ignore my own tendencies for even distribution and just include performance expectations that made sense. This particular assignment was only worth 8 points, however most assignments average around 10 points so this assignment is still in the ballpark, so-to-speak. The students haven't reacted negatively to the change and it's easier for me to rely on the rubric when very specific actions have or have not been taken. As a result, my expectations are not only clear, but measurable.
I mentioned Google Classroom's Rubric tool that is in beta. For any users of Classroom, it has been amazing. I highly recommend signing up for Google Classroom Beta to try it out as well as their originality reports (Google's public web plagiarism checker, essentially).
Another userful tool for teachers outside of the Google eco-system is Quick Rubric. It provides several login options so that your rubrics can be saved for later use and edits.